This study investigates the impact of climate change on crop patterns, agricultural productivity, and related agro-ecological factors in Nagpur District, a key agricultural region in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative research methods, primary data were collected through structured interviews with farmers, while secondary data on climatic variables, crop yields, and cultivation areas were analyzed over a defined study period. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0, incorporating correlation and regression techniques to assess relationships between climate variables and agricultural outputs. The Eco-Crop model was employed to evaluate climatic suitability for major crops under projected climate scenarios. Results indicate significant correlations between rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and reduced yields of cereals, pulses, and oilseeds. Cotton and linseed cultivation showed heightened vulnerability to changing climatic conditions. The study concludes that climate change is altering traditional crop calendars, increasing pest and disease incidence, and threatening agricultural sustainability. Adaptive strategies, including modified cropping patterns, improved water management, and policy interventions, are recommended to enhance resilience in the region’s agricultural systems.